Winners and losers: "We are going to make them squeal"
The party won in Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Montana, North Carolina, South Dakota and West Virginia.
And it is expected to post more gains as votes are counted in other states.
Republican Senator Mitch McConnell, poised to lead the chamber, said the result was a vote against "a government that people can no longer trust".
About one-third of the Senate, the entire House of Representatives, 36 of 50 state governors, and countless state and local offices were up for election.
Republican Mitch McConnell is to become the Senate majority leader
The party now controls 52 seats, and is tipped to win more.
As well as taking the Senate, the Republicans are projected to increase their majority in the House of Representatives to levels not seen since before World War Two.
They also made gains among the 36 governorships up for re-election.
When the new Congress is sworn in in January, it will mark the first time the Republicans have held both chambers since 2006.
Analysis, Jon Sopel, BBC North America editor
Barack Obama's unpopularity in the run-up to these mid-term elections is hard to exaggerate. One of the things that is lost in the big picture of the night is some of the sidebar poll findings - the American people are fed up with all their politicians. It's not just the occupant of the White House, though as Harry Truman most famously noted, the buck stops with the president.
Mitch McConnell will be conscious of that, and will know that in two years' time, when it is not just the Senate but the presidency in play, the American people could be venting their spleen on him. Be fearful of the blame game.
That leaves the Kentucky senator with some important tactical decisions to make.
They will now have the power to complicate, if not block completely, Mr Obama's agenda in the last two years of his tenure in the White House.
Control of the Senate will also enable the Republicans to stymie his ability to name new federal judges, cabinet members and senior government officials.
In addition to seats the party won from the Democrats, the Republicans retained seats in at least a dozen other states.
etained seats in at least a dozen other states.
In other developments:
Mr McConnell will now become the Senate majority leader, giving him control over the chamber's legislative agenda and floor proceedings.
"It wasn't about me or my opponent," he told supporters as he declared victory, "it was about a government that people can no longer trust."
Current Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid congratulated Mr McConnell in a short statement.
"The message from voters is clear: they want us to work together," said Mr Reid of Nevada, whose role in the soon-to-be Democratic minority remains uncertain. "I look forward to working with Senator McConnell to get things done for the middle class."
In the governor's races, Republican incumbents survived tough re-election battles in Florida, Maine and Wisconsin.
Two other results illustrate the breadth of the Republican
sweep - the party's candidates won in Maryland and Massachusetts, two of
the most Democratic-friendly states in the nation. Republican Bruce
Rauner also won in Illinois - Mr Obama's home state - against incumbent
Democratic Governor Pat Quinn.
Supporters of Florida Governor Rick Scott, who won re-election on Tuesday, shout "four more years"
Political gridlock in Congress has already reached historic
levels and was a major concern among voters, with many expressing their
frustration with the lack of progress on the most pressing issues facing
the nation.
Analysts say the Republicans' victory could make the situation even worse ahead of the presidential poll in 2016.
Republican leaders have already pledged to move forward on their key policy priorities, pressing Mr Obama to negotiate on their terms
"It's time for government to start getting results and implementing solutions to the challenges facing our country, starting with our still-struggling economy," said Republican House Speaker John Boehner.
And it is expected to post more gains as votes are counted in other states.
Republican Senator Mitch McConnell, poised to lead the chamber, said the result was a vote against "a government that people can no longer trust".
About one-third of the Senate, the entire House of Representatives, 36 of 50 state governors, and countless state and local offices were up for election.
Republican Mitch McConnell is to become the Senate majority leaderThe party now controls 52 seats, and is tipped to win more.
As well as taking the Senate, the Republicans are projected to increase their majority in the House of Representatives to levels not seen since before World War Two.
They also made gains among the 36 governorships up for re-election.
When the new Congress is sworn in in January, it will mark the first time the Republicans have held both chambers since 2006.
Barack Obama's unpopularity in the run-up to these mid-term elections is hard to exaggerate. One of the things that is lost in the big picture of the night is some of the sidebar poll findings - the American people are fed up with all their politicians. It's not just the occupant of the White House, though as Harry Truman most famously noted, the buck stops with the president.
Mitch McConnell will be conscious of that, and will know that in two years' time, when it is not just the Senate but the presidency in play, the American people could be venting their spleen on him. Be fearful of the blame game.
That leaves the Kentucky senator with some important tactical decisions to make.
They will now have the power to complicate, if not block completely, Mr Obama's agenda in the last two years of his tenure in the White House.
Control of the Senate will also enable the Republicans to stymie his ability to name new federal judges, cabinet members and senior government officials.
In addition to seats the party won from the Democrats, the Republicans retained seats in at least a dozen other states.
etained seats in at least a dozen other states.
Republicans in numbers
-
100 Women elected to Congress - including Mia Love - first black Republican female
-
1st African American, Tim Scott, elected in the South since 1870
-
3rd George Bush - grandson and nephew of two former presidents
-
18 Age of Saira Blair, the youngest elected state legislator
-
30 Age of Elise Stefanik, youngest woman elected to US Congress
Getty
In Louisiana, neither of the top two candidates gained 50% of the vote, forcing a run-off election in early December.
In Virginia, Democrat Mark Warner was expected to retain his
Senate seat amid a much tighter than expected race with Republican
ex-lobbyist Ed Gillespie. In other developments:
- Voters approved ballot measures legalising cannabis in Oregon and Washington DC, while Florida rejected a medical marijuana proposal
- Three states - South Dakota, Arkansas and Nebraska - approved increases in the minimum wage and a fourth - Alaska - was poised to do so as well
- Michael Grimm, under federal indictment for fraud, was re-elected to his House seat from New York City
- Republican Scott Brown has now lost Senate races in two states - New Hampshire on Tuesday and Massachusetts in 2012
- Utah's Mia Love has become the first black Republican woman to be elected to the House
Mr McConnell will now become the Senate majority leader, giving him control over the chamber's legislative agenda and floor proceedings.
"It wasn't about me or my opponent," he told supporters as he declared victory, "it was about a government that people can no longer trust."
Current Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid congratulated Mr McConnell in a short statement.
"The message from voters is clear: they want us to work together," said Mr Reid of Nevada, whose role in the soon-to-be Democratic minority remains uncertain. "I look forward to working with Senator McConnell to get things done for the middle class."
In the governor's races, Republican incumbents survived tough re-election battles in Florida, Maine and Wisconsin.
Rajesh Mirchandani explains the mid-term election results and what they mean for the Obama presidency
Supporters of Florida Governor Rick Scott, who won re-election on Tuesday, shout "four more years"
Analysts say the Republicans' victory could make the situation even worse ahead of the presidential poll in 2016.
Republican leaders have already pledged to move forward on their key policy priorities, pressing Mr Obama to negotiate on their terms
"It's time for government to start getting results and implementing solutions to the challenges facing our country, starting with our still-struggling economy," said Republican House Speaker John Boehner.
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